There has been a significant increase in the twenty-first century in the frequency and intensity of violent incidents in the Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region, the far northwest province of China, where the Uyghurs, the Turkic-speaking Muslim people who historically constituted the majority population, feel themselves displaced and discriminated against by the growing in-migration of Han Chinese. The book explores the continuing unrest in Xinjiang. It focuses in particular on the major violence of July 2009 in the city of Urumqi, on repression and the practice of Islam in southern Xinjiang, and on the policy of the Chinese Communist Party which has used the rhetoric of the War on Terror to justify its repression in terms which it hopes will gain sympathy from the international community. The book relates these particular points to the development of China-Uyghur relations more broadly in the longer historical perspective, and concludes by discussing how the situation is likely to unfold in future. Contents Political leaders of Xinjiang Introduction: Xinjiang and the dead hand of history Xinjiang and the Uyghurs: an overview **Part 1: Deep roots of the Xinjiang conflict** 1.Turkic Muslims and the Chinese state: a history of conflict 2. Escalation of Violence in the 1990s 3. China’s Western Development Programme and Xinjiang **Part 2: Urumqi, Kashgar, Khotan: 2009-2015** 4.Two days that Shook Urumqi July 2009 5. Kashgar and Khotan since 2010-11: Islam, ethnicity, and traditional Uyghur culture in southern Xinjiang 6. Xi Jinping administration and Xinjiang: widening conflict and the search for new strategies **Part 3: Conflict and resolution in Xinjiang: the Xi Jinping era** 7.Xinjiang and China’s evolving policy on terrorism (2009-18) 8. Conflict in Xinjiang and its resolution Bibliography