**Finalist for the 2022** Kirkus **Prize for Nonfiction Finalist for the 2023 Los Angeles Times Book Prize for History One of NPR’s Books We Love in 2022 • Named a Best Book of the Year: **The New Yorker** , **Oprah Daily** , **Kirkus** , Chicago Public Library, and **Publishers Weekly** A paradigm-shifting investigation of Jim Crow–era violence, the legal apparatus that sustained it, and its enduring legacy, from a renowned legal scholar.** If the law cannot protect a person from a lynching, then isn’t lynching the law? In *By Hands Now Known* , Margaret A. Burnham, director of Northeastern University’s Civil Rights and Restorative Justice Project, challenges our understanding of the Jim Crow era by exploring the relationship between formal law and background legal norms in a series of harrowing cases from 1920 to 1960. From rendition, the legal process by which states make claims to other states for the return of their citizens, to battles over state and federal jurisdiction and the outsize role of local sheriffs in enforcing racial hierarchy, Burnham maps the criminal legal system in the mid-twentieth-century South, and traces the unremitting line from slavery to the legal structures of this period and through to today. Drawing on an extensive database, collected over more than a decade and exceeding 1,000 cases of racial violence, she reveals the true legal system of Jim Crow, and captures the memories of those whose stories have not yet been heard. 25 black-and-white illustrations